016.977 
B855c 


Solon  J.  Buck. 

Clarence  Walworth  Alvord,  Historian j- 
[with  a  bibliog'y  of  published  works. (L928) 


V*-UHO!S  HKtasj^ 


' 


Clarence  Walworth  Alvord 
Historian 

WITH  A  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  HIS  PUBLISHED  WORKS 

BY 
SOLON  J.  BUCK 

University  of  Minnesota 


Beprinted  from  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Eeview,   15:    309-320,   385-390 

(December,  1928) 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2011  with  funding  from' 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign 


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CLARENCE  WALWORTH  ALVORD,  HISTORIAN 
By  Solon  J.  Buck 

Early  in  1905  an  instructor  in  history  at  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois made  a  trip  to  Belleville,  Illinois,  as  the  agent  of  the  state 
historical  library  for  the  purpose  of  examining  an  old  French 
document  reputed  to  be  in  the  courthouse  at  that  place.  In  Octo- 
ber, 1907,  representatives  of  seven  state  historical  agencies  met 
in  Lincoln,  Nebraska,  for  the  purpose  of  effecting  an  organiza- 
tion for  the  promotion  of  western  historical  interests.  The  forces 
set  in  operation  by  these  two  events,  working  both  independently 
and  together,  were  destined  to  exert  perhaps  the  most  potent  in- 
fluences upon  the  development  of  historical  activities  pertaining 
to  the  Mississippi  Valley  from  that  time  to  the  present. 

Clarence  Walworth  Alvord,  the  instructor  referred  to,  had 
been  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1868,  the  descendant  of  a  long  line 
of  New  England  ancestors.  He  had  been  graduated  from  Williams 
College  in  1891 ;  had  taught  at  Milton  Academy  two  years ;  had 
studied  history  at  Friedrich  Wilhelm  University  in  Berlin  from 
1893  to  1895  and  at  the  University  of  Chicago  a  part  of  the  fol- 
lowing year;  had  taught  history  and  mathematics  in  the  prepar- 
atory school  of  the  University  of  Illinois  for  four  years;  and 
had  been  promoted  in  1901  to  an  instructorship  in  history  in  the 
university  proper,  where,  in  1905,  he  was  teaching  European 
history,  with  the  Italian  Renaissance  as  his  main  interest.  His 
selection  for  the  Belleville  expedition  was  probably  due  primari- 
ly to  his  knowledge  of  French  institutions  and  especially  of  the 
French  language,  but  his  training  under  Professor  Paul  Schef- 
fer-Boichorst  in  Berlin  and  his  natural  aptitude  enabled  him  to 
make  the  most  of  the  opportunity.  He  found  not  only  the  French 
document  referred  to  but  also  a  mass  of  Cahokia  Manuscripts 
pertaining  to  the  Virginia  period  of  Illinois  history.  His  report, 
issued  as  a  bulletin  by  the  state  historical  library  in  1905,  was  a 
comprehensive  and  learned  document.  In  it  he  recommended  not 
only  the  publication  of  the  Cahokia  Manuscripts  but  also  the 

l 


A  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

formulation  of  a  systematic  plan  for  the  "exhaustive  publica- 
tion of  the  material  for  the  history  of  Illinois. ' ' 

President  Edmund  J.  James  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  who 
was  also  president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  state  histori- 
cal library,  realized  that  the  situation  offered  great  possibilities 
for  scholarly  and  effective  historical  work  and  that  the  right  man 
was  at  hand  to  develop  it ;  and  it  was  doubtless  at  his  suggestion 
that  the  trustees  asked  Alvord  to  edit  the  material  he  had 
found.  When  it  is  considered  that  up  to  this  time  he  had 
had  no  experience  in  editorial  work  and  that  his  interest  in 
and  acquaintance  with  western  history  was  of  only  a  few 
months'  standing,  it  is  almost  incredible  that  he  was  able  in 
two  years  to  transcribe,  translate,  edit,  and  put  through  the  press 
The  Cahokia  Records,  1778-1790,  a  work  that  set  a  new  standard 
for  state  historical  editing  and  bookmaking  in  the  West.  More- 
over, he  included  as  the  introduction  to  the  volume  a  brilliant 
monograph  of  143  pages  on  "The  County  of  Illinois,"  which 
won  his  doctor's  degree  at  the  University  of  Illinois.  This  study 
was  based  not  only  upon  the  Cahokia  Manuscripts  and  printed 
material  but  also  upon  the  even  more  valuable  Kaskaskia  Manu- 
scripts and  Menard  Papers,  which  Alvord  had  discovered  dur- 
ing a  second  field  trip  in  the  summer  of  1905.  Much  of  his  time 
during  these  years  must  also  have  been  devoted  to  the  working 
out,  in  conjunction  with  an  advisory  committee  of  professors  of 
history  from  various  institutions  of  the  state,  of  detailed  plans 
for  several  series  of  volumes  of  collections,  each  to  include  all  the 
important  inedited  documents  for  a  period  or  phase  of  the  his- 
tory of  Illinois. 

Having  been  appointed  general  editor  of  the  Collections  of  the 
state  historical  library  and  relieved  of  part  of  his  teaching  duties 
at  the  university,  Alvord  proceeded  to  make  arrangements  with 
various  scholars  for  editing  volumes  or  series,  joined  with  Pro- 
fessor Evarts  B.  Greene  of  the  university  in  editing  The  Gov- 
ernors' Letter-Books,  1818-1834  (1910),  and  assembled  and  edit- 
ed The  Kaskaskia  Records,  1778-1790  (1910),  consisting  of  mate- 
rial drawn  from  the  Kaskaskia  Manuscripts,  the  Menard  Papers, 
the  British  Museum,  the  papers  of  the  Continental  Congress,  the 
Draper  Manuscripts  of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wiscon- 
sin, the  Canadian  Archives,  the  Archiepiscopal  Archives  of 
Quebec,  and  other  collections.  Arrangements  having  been  made 


CLARENCE  WALWORTH  ALVORD,  HISTORIAN  6 

for  the  completion  of  this  "Virginia  Series"  with  a  number  of 
volumes  of  George  Rogers  Clark  Papers,  to  be  edited  by  Profes- 
sor James  A.  James  of  Northwestern  University,  Alvord  then 
turned  his  attention  to  the  preceding  period  and  assembled  and 
edited,  in  conjunction  with  Professor  Clarence  E.  Carter  of 
Miami  University,  the  documents  for  a  ''British  Series"  of  the 
Collections.  A  total  of  fourteen  volumes  of  Collections  were 
brought  out  under  Alvord 's  general  editorship  from  1907  to  1920 
inclusive,  an  average  of  one  a  year.  He  was  also  special  editor, 
either  alone  or  in  collaboration  with  another,  of  six  of  these  vol- 
umes and  of  one  published  in  1921  after  he  had  resigned  the 
general  editorship.  In  1918  he  submitted  to  the  trustees  of  the 
library  a  "Memorandum  on  State  Historical  Work  Relating  to 
the  Great  War"  that  led  to  the  establishment  of  a  War  Records 
Section  of  the  library ;  and  at  the  time  of  his  resignation  in  1920 
he  was  engaged  in  editing  the  four-volume  History  of  the  33rd 
Division,  A.E.F.,  by  Frederic  L.  Huidekoper,  which  was  pub- 
lished by  the  library  the  following  year  under  the  editorial  su- 
pervision of  Alvord 's  successor. 

In  the  meantime  two  other  agencies  had  been  created  in  Illi- 
nois for  the  promotion  of  historical  work  and  in  both  of  them 
Alvord  was  the  guiding  spirit.  Plans  were  laid  in  the  fall  of  1909 
that  led  ultimately  to  the  establishment  of  the  Illinois  Historical 
Survey  in  the  graduate  school  of  the  university,  with  Alvord  in 
charge  of  the  work.  The  present  writer  was  research  associate 
from  1910  to  1914  and  a  staff  of  assistants  was  built  up.  The 
purpose  of  the  survey  was  to  facilitate  research  and  encourage 
the  production  of  monographs  in  Illinois  and  western  history, 
and  especially  to  lay  the  foundations  for  the  production  of  a 
scientific  history  of  the  state  in  connection  with  the  centennial 
in  1918  of  its  admission  to  the  Union.  The  work  of  the  survey  in 
compiling  bibliographies;  building  up  the  university  library; 
making  surveys  of  archival  and  other  manuscript  materials 
throughout  the  country  and  abroad;  assembling  documents, 
transcripts,  and  photostats ;  compiling  statistics ;  and  promoting 
investigations  cannot  be  described  here.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  the 
activities  of  the  survey  together  with  the  editorial  work  on  the 
Illinois  Historical  Collections  soon  developed  into  a  veritable 
laboratory  of  state  history  with  Alvord  as  the  directing  head. 

When  the  Illinois  Centennial  Commission  was  established  in 


4  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

1913,  with  the  preparation  and  publication  of  a  history  of  the 
state  as  one  of  its  duties,  Alvord  was  appointed  editor-in-chief 
of  the  work.  Plans  were  worked  out  for  a  five-volume  compre- 
hensive history  and  a  preliminary  volume  on  Illinois  in  1818.  The 
editor  wisely  decided  to  write  the  first  volume  of  the  general  his- 
tory, covering  the  period  to  1818,  himself,  and  the  remaining 
volumes  were  assigned  to  other  members  of  the  university  fac- 
ulty. The  collection  of  source  materials  for  this  history  was  car- 
ried on  in  a  remarkably  thorough  and  systematic  manner,  the 
resources  of  the  survey  and  the  state  historical  library  being 
drawn  upon  for  the  purpose,  as  well  as  those  of  the  centennial 
commission.  An  assistant  was  employed  in  Paris  to  make  copies 
of  a  large  number  of  unpublished  documents  in  the  French  ar- 
chives ;  transcripts  of  other  documents  from  various  European 
depositories  were  borrowed  from  the  Library  of  Congress  and 
reproduced;  and  newspaper  files  were  borrowed  from  offices 
all  over  the  state  and  abstracted.  As  a  result  of  this  extensive 
assembling  of  material,  of  the  scholarly  work  of  the  authors, 
and  especially  of  the  competent  editing,  the  Centennial  History 
of  Illinois  (1918-20)  was  generally  recognized  as  setting  a  new 
standard  for  state  histories.  Alvord 's  own  volume,  The  Illinois 
Country,  1673-1818  (1920),  is  not  only  a  masterly  synthesis  of 
the  early  histoiy  of  the  Middle  West  but  also  a  demonstration 
that  scientific  history  may  be  presented  in  an  attractive  literary 
form. 

The  activities  that  have  been  described,  coupled  with  part- 
time  teaching  in  the  university,  would  seem  to  be  sufficient  fully 
to  absorb  the  energies  of  any  man,  but  they  constituted  only  a 
part  of  Alvord 's  work  and  interests  during  these  years.  As  early 
as  1907,  only  two  years  after  he  turned  his  attention  to  American 
history,  he  demonstrated  the  breadth  of  his  interests  and  the 
keenness  of  his  scholarship  by  delivering  an  address  before  the 
Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Society  on  "The  Genesis  of 
the  Proclamation  of  1763,"  which,  in  the  words  of  Professor  H. 
E.  Egerton  "first  gave  a  satisfactory  interpretation  of  that 
puzzling  document."  He  followed  this  up  the  next  year  by  a  pa- 
per on  "The  British  Ministry  and  the  Treaty  of  Fort  Stanwix," 
read  before  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin ;  and  final- 
ly, in  1917,  his  studies  in  this  field  culminated  in  the  publication 
of  a  two-volume  work  entitled,  The  Mississippi  Valley  in  Brit- 


ish  Politics,  A  Study  of  Trade,  Land  Speculation,  and  Experi- 
ments in  Imperialism  Culminating  in  the  American  Revolution. 
In  writing  this  book  Alvord  made  extensive  use  of  transcripts 
from  the  Lansdowne  (Shelburne)  Papers  and  the  Dartmouth 
Papers,  then  in  England,  and  also  of  a  multitude  of  rare  English 
pamphlets  of  the  period ;  and  with  this  material  he  was  able  not 
only  to  fill  a  large  gap  in  the  history  of  the  American  West  and 
make  clearer  the  causes  of  the  Revolution,  but  also  to  throw 
light  upon  some  of  the  dark  spots  of  English  political  history. 
The  importance  of  this  work  and  its  reception  by  scholars  are 
too  well  known  to  need  much  comment  here.  Professor  Carl 
Becker  characterized  it  as  "an  important  contribution  to  the 
literature  of  the  American  Revolution,"  and  Professor  Egerton 
the  English  historian,  wrote:  "There  are  few  readers  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic  who  will  not  have  much  to  learn  from  Mr. 
Alvord 's  learned  and  thoughtful  volumes."  In  1918  the  first 
Loubat  prize  of  one  thousand  dollars  for  the  best  work  "on  the 
history,  geography,  archaeology,  ethnology,  philology,  or  numis- 
matics of  North  America  .  .  .  published  in  the  English  language 
for  the  five  year  period  since  January  1,  1913"  was  awarded  to 
Alvord  by  the  trustees  of  Columbia  University  for  his  Missis- 
sippi Valley  in  British  Politics.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
after  the  appearance  of  this  work  he  was  generally  recognized 
in  England  as  one  of  the  outstanding  American  historians. 

Another  line  of  interest  developed  by  Alvord  during  these 
years  was  that  of  the  earliest  English  explorations  in  the  West, 
and  in  1912  he  published,  in  collaboration  with  Lee  Bidgood,  a 
volume  entitled,  The  First  Explorations  of  the  Trans -Allegheny 
Region  by  the  Virginians,  1650-1674.  Nearly  half  of  this  book 
consists  of  a  fascinating  essay  on  "The  Discovery  of  the  Ohio 
Waters,"  and  the  remainder  is  devoted  to  original  narratives 
of  the  explorations  and  other  documents  concerning  them.  The 
work  served  to  impress  upon  students  of  history  the  fact  that 
Englishmen  were  pushing  across  the  mountains  and  into  the 
great  Mississippi  Valley  contemporaneously  with  the  beginnings 
of  French  explorations  of  the  interior.  In  November,  1914,  Al- 
vord delivered  the  "Albert  Shaw  Lectures  in  American  Diplo- 
matic History"  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  on  "The  Par- 
tition of  the  West  in  1783";  and  numerous  addresses  and  peri- 
odical articles  on  a  variety  of  subjects,  private  reprints  of  rare 


D  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

documents,  philosophical  essays  on  "The  Science  of  History" 
and  "The  New  History,"  a  report  on  the  archives  of  Illinois, 
and  reviews  of  books,  especially  in  the  Nation,  also  add  to  the 
variety  and  extent  of  his  contributions  during  the  period  under 
consideration. 

Reference  was  made  at  the  beginning  of  this  article  to  a  meet- 
ing of  representatives  of  historical  agencies  in  October,  1907. 
At  this  meeting  a  decision  was  reached  to  organize  a  Mississippi 
Valley  Historical  Association,  a  tentative  constitution  was  adopt- 
ed, and  provision  was  made  for  another  meeting  to  complete 
the  organization  in  Madison,  Wisconsin,  in  connection  with  the 
December  meeting  of  the  American  Historical  Association.  At 
this  second  meeting  Clarence  W.  Alvord  was  much  in  evidence. 
The  tentative  constitution  had  declared  the  object  of  the  asso- 
ciation to  be  "to  promote  and  popularize  historical  study  and 
research."  Alvord  moved  to  strike  out  the  words  "and  popular- 
ize" and  the  motion  was  adopted.  He  also  served  on  a  committee 
that  was  instrumental  in  changing  another  section  of  the  con- 
stitution in  such  a  way  as  to  transform  the  proposed  association 
from  a  confederation  of  historical  agencies  to  a  society  of  indi- 
viduals "interested  in  the  study  of  Mississippi  Valley  History." 
He  was  a  member  of  the  committee  on  nominations  and  was 
elected  vice-president.  At  the  first  annual  meeting  of  the  asso- 
ciation at  Lake  Minnetonka,  in  June,  1908,  Alvord  presided,  in 
the  absence  of  the  president,  gave  a  suggestive  address  on  "The 
Study  and  Writing  of  History  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  pro- 
posed the  publication  of  a  "Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Ser- 
ies," and  was  elected  president  for  the  ensuing  year.  At  a  meet- 
ing of  the  executive  committee  in  December,  1908,  he  was  made 
chairman  of  a  committee  of  three  on  the  publication  of  collec- 
tions. 

The  project  of  publishing  under  the  auspices  of  the  associa- 
tion a  series  of  volumes  containing  source  material  for  the  his- 
tory of  the  Mississippi  Valley  was  ardently  cherished  by  Alvord. 
In  1909  a  plan  was  agreed  upon  for  creating  a  board  of  publica- 
tion with  one  member  from  each  state  in  the  valley,  to  raise  a 
publication  fund  to  defray  the  cost  of  the  first  volume,  with  the 
expectation  that  the  fund  would  be  replenished  by  the  proceeds 
of  the  sale  of  the  volume.  The  next  year,  however,  this  plan  was 
abandoned  and  a  tentative  contract  was  made  with  a  publisher 


CLARENCE  WALWORTH  ALVORD, 

to  bring  out  the  series,  the  association  to  furnish  the  copy  and 
to  receive  a  small  share  of  the  profits,  should  there  be  any.  The 
task  of  supplying  copy  fell  upon  Alvord  as  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  publication,  and  he  made  plans  for  several  vol- 
umes. Considerable  work  was  done  on  one  of  these,  a  collection 
of  reprints  of  rare  pamphlets  concerning  proposed  western  col- 
onies in  the  British  period ;  but  no  money  was  available  for  edi- 
torial assistance,  the  work  of  volunteers  was  unsatisfactory,  and 
finally  the  establishment  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical 
Review,  followed  by  the  wartime  disturbance  of  financial  con- 
ditions, caused  the  project  to  drop  into  the  background.  The 
copy  that  was  prepared  is  still  available,  however,  and  it  is  to 
be  hoped  that  sometime  it  may  be  completed  and  published. 

The  project  for  establishing  a  quarterly  magazine  under  the 
auspices  of  the  association  was  first  broached  by  Alvord  at  the 

1912  meeting  and  he  was  made  chairman  of  a  special  committee 
to  sound  out  the  possibilities.  A  circular  letter  that  he  sent  out 
to  scholars  interested  in  western  history  brought  responses  indi- 
cating that  ample  material  of  a  high  standard  would  be  available 
for  such  a  publication,  a  guarantee  fund  of  approximately  two 
thousand  dollars  a  year  for  three  years  was  obtained,  and  in 

1913  the  project  was  approved  by  the  association  and  a  board  of 
editors  was  appointed  with  Alvord  as  managing  editor.  The  first 
number  of  the  Review  appeared  in  June,  1914,  and  it  quickly 
established  itself  as  the  most  important  periodical  devoted  whol- 
ly to  American  history.  After  three  years  of  publication  Dr.  J. 
Franklin  Jameson  characterized  it  as  "a  well-planned,  well- 
executed  and  interesting  journal";  Mr.  Lawrence  J.  Burpee,  the 
distinguished  Canadian  historian,  declared  it  might  "fairly  be 
said  to  rank  with  the  half  dozen  really  good  reviews  published 
on  the  North  American  continent";  Professor  Charles  M.  An- 
drews of  Yale  characterized  it  as  "dignified,  scholarly,  and 
among  the  best  that  we  have";  and  Professor  Edward  S.  Corwin 
of  Princeton  declared  it  to  be  "indeed  a  publication  of  which 
too  many  kind  things  can  hardly  be  said."  For  nine  years,  de- 
spite the  pressure  of  other  work,  Alvord  gave  much  of  his  time 
to  the  Review,  without  compensation,  and  when  he  turned  it 
over  to  others  it  was  a  going  concern  with  an  assured  future. 

One  of  the  reasons  for  Alvord 's  enthusiasm  for  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Historical  Association  was  probably  his  hope  that 


8  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

it  would  promote  two  things  in  which  he  was  greatly  interested 
—  the  development  of  cooperation  among  historical  agencies  in 
the  discovery,  calendaring,  reproduction,  and  publication  of 
source  material ;  and  an  improvement  in  the  quality  of  the  work 
done  by  such  institutions,  especially  in  the  field  of  publication. 
He  took  an  active  interest  in  the  Conference  of  Historical  Socie- 
ties, which  meets  annually  under  the  auspices  of  the  American 
Historical  Association,  and  especially  in  its  project  for  the 
cooperative  calendaring  of  material  for  Mississippi  Valley  his- 
tory in  the  French  archives.  He  frequently  participated  in  the 
discussions  of  the  conference  and  in  1913  read  a  paper  before  it 
on  "Planning  the  Publication  Work  of  Historical  Agencies." 
In  this  paper,  after  asserting  that  about  half  of  the  output  of 
historical  societies  was  almost  worthless,  he  urged  that  plans 
be  made  for  the  systematic  publication  and  scientific  interpre- 
tation of  the  sources  of  information  within  the  field  of  each 
institution,  emphasized  the  necessity  of  having  "a  well-trained 
man  in  charge  of  the  publishing  activities,"  and  deplored  the 
tendency  to  sacrifice  the  highest  standards  of  scholarship  in  the 
mistaken  belief  that  such  standards  are  not  compatible  with 
popularity. 

Specific  projects  for  cooperation  or  for  reorganizing  the  work 
of  agencies  and  especially  for  putting  such  work  into  the  hands 
of  trained  men  were  always  welcomed  by  Alvord  with  enthusi- 
asm, and  he  was  ever  ready  to  lend  his  assistance.  When  in  1914 
it  appeared  that  the  calendar  of  Mississippi  Valley  material  in 
the  French  archives  was  approaching  completion,  he  made  ar- 
rangements for  a  dinner  in  connection  with  the  American  His- 
torical Association  meeting  in  Chicago  to  consider  plans  for  the 
publication  on  a  cooperative  basis  of  a  general  collection  of 
sources  for  the  French  period.  He  also  joined  with  the  present 
writer  in  arranging  for  another  gathering  in  Chicago  at  this 
time,  which  led  to  the  establishment  in  1915  of  the  Conference  of 
State  Historical  Agencies  in  the  Upper-Mississippi  Valley  and 
to  the  cooperative  calendaring  of  the  material  in  the  archives  in 
Washington  relating  to  the  Northwest  —  a  work  that  is  still  go- 
ing forward.  In  January,  1915,  he  journeyed  to  St.  Paul,  to  de- 
liver the  annual  address  before  the  Minnesota  Historical  Socie- 
ty on  "The  Eelation  of  the  State  to  Historical  Work,"  and  a  few 
months  later  he  spoke  on  the  same  subject  in  Indianapolis. 


9 

During  these  years  of  intense  activity  in  research  and  editorial 
work  Alvord  continued  to  teach  in  the  University  of  Illinois  and 
he  received  his  final  promotion  to  a  full  professorship  in  1913. 
Naturally  his  work  was  shifted  to  the  field  of  American  history 
and  to  advanced  courses,  but  he  had  the  reputation  of  being  an 
exceptionally  good  teacher  of  undergraduates.  To  graduate  stu- 
dents he  gave  both  inspiration  and  rigorous  training.  The  writer 
was  never  a  student  of  Alvord 's  in  the  formal  sense,  but  he  can 
testify  from  experience  to  his  interest  in  the  work  of  others  and 
his  readiness  to  help  with  advice  and  encouragement.  He  was 
never  too  busy  to  rejoice  over  the  discovery  or  achievement  of  a 
graduate  student  or  fellow  worker,  and  his  enthusiasm  was  so 
contagious  that  a  conference  with  him  was  a  powerful  stimulus 
to  more  and  better  work.  Among  the  men  who  received  much  of 
their  training  under  him  are  Professor  Clarence  E.  Carter  of 
Miami  University,  Professor  Paul  C.  Phillips  of  the  University 
of  Montana,  and  Professor  Wayne  E.  Stevens  of  Dartmouth 
College. 

During  his  last  few  years  in  Illinois  Alvord  felt,  and  rightly, 
that  the  compensation  he  was  receiving  from  the  state  was 
not  commensurate  with  the  amount  and  quality  of  the  services 
he  was  rendering.  His  salary  from  the  state  historical  library 
was  fixed  by  law  and  the  exigencies  of  politics  made  an  increase 
impossible.  The  university  was  unwilling  to  make  up  the  de- 
ficiency, since  most  of  his  time  was  given  to  the  library;  and, 
with  the  resignation  of  President  James,  who  had  taken  a  deep 
interest  in  his  work,  he  felt  that  he  could  not  count  on  the  back- 
ing of  the  university  authorities.  Consequently  he  was  ready  to 
consider  offers  from  other  institutions  and  in  1920  he  resigned 
his  Illinois  positions  and  accepted  a  professorship  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Minnesota. 

Alvord 's  three  years  at  Minnesota  were  happy  ones.  In  addi- 
tion to  work  with  advanced  students,  he  gave,  for  the  first  time 
in  his  career  but  with  evident  enjoyment,  the  first  half  of  a 
general  college  course  in  American  history.  He  continued  to 
edit  the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  completed  the 
editing  of  a  volume  of  Illinois  Historical  Collections,  read  a  pa- 
per entitled  "In  re  the  American  People  vs.  George  III"  at  the 


10  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTOBICAL  KEVIEW 

1921  meeting  of  the  American  Historical  Association,  served  on 
the  council  of  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society  and  read  papers 
at  two  of  its  meetings,  and  made  plans  for  research  and  writing 
in  various  fields.  Finally,  having  decided  to  write  a  work  on  the 
American  Revolution  with  special  reference  to  the  West,  —  in  a 
sense  perhaps  a  continuation  of  his  Mississippi  Valley  in  British 
Politics,  —  and  feeling  that  he  must  have  access  to  essential  ma- 
terial in  foreign  archives,  in  1923  he  resigned  his  position  at 
Minnesota  and  his  editorship  of  the  Review  and  went  to  England. 
The  remaining  years  of  his  life  were  spent  mostly  in  London, 
in  Paris,  and  on  the  Italian  Riviera,  where  he  died,  at  Diano 
Marina  on  January  25,  1928.  When  he  arrived  in  England  he 
soon  discovered  that  he  had  numerous  friends  there ;  many  knew 
him  only  by  reputation,  others  had  corresponded  with  him,  and 
some  he  had  met  in  America.  As  a  consequence  he  was  soon 
drawn  into  many  activities :  he  was  an  active  member  of  the  An- 
glo-American Historical  Committee,  prepared  a  paper  for  it  on 
"Cooperation  with  Regard  to  Historical  Periodicals,"  and  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  report  of  its  subcommittee  on  the  editing 
of  modern  manuscripts,  of  which  he  was  a  member;1  he  was 
asked  to  give  a  course  of  lectures  to  the  honor  students  at  King's 
College  of  the  University  of  London  and  a  course  of  public  lec- 
tures for  the  university ;  he  served  as  chairman  of  the  American 
Session  of  the  Second  Anglo-American  Conference  of  Historians 
in  1926;  and  he  was  frequently  called  upon  to  help  interpret 
America,  past  and  present,  to  the  English.  He  was  tempted  to  try 
his  hand  at  writing  for  the  general  reader  and  articles  from  his 
pen  began  to  appear  in  the  Contemporary  Review,  the  Quarterly 
Review,  the  Nineteenth  Century,  and  the  Landmark,  in  England, 
and  in  the  American  Mercury.  On  October  28,  1925,  he  delivered 
the  "Annual  Raleigh  Lecture  on  History"  before  the  British 
Academy.  Taking  as  his  subject,  "Lord  Shelburne  and  the 
Founding  of  British- American  Goodwill,"  he  analyzed  the  mo- 
tives and  influences  back  of  the  peace  negotiations  at  the  end  of 
the  American  Revolution  with  special  reference  to  the  matter  of 
boundaries,  and  made  an  important  contribution  to  the  interpre- 
tation of  the  subject.  The  next  year  he  was  appointed  Creighton 

i  This  report,  which  ought  to  be  better  known  to  American  editors,  is  published 
in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Institute  of  Historical  Research  of  the  University  of  London, 
3:  13-26  (July,  1925). 


CLARENCE  WALWORTH  ALVORD,  HISTORIAN  11 

lecturer  at  the  University  of  London,  being  the  first  American 
to  be  so  honored,  and  the  lecture,  entitled  "The  Significance  of 
the  New  Interpretation  of  Georgian  Politics,"  was  delivered  on 
December  13  before  a  distinguished  audience. 

The  numerous  distractions  and  a  number  of  periods  of  illness 
during  these  years  abroad  prevented  Alvord  from  doing  as  much 
serious  research  and  writing  as  he  had  hoped  to  do.  Nevertheless 
he  continued  his  studies  along  various  lines,  and  in  1925  he  began 
work  on  a  series  of  chapters  on  the  American  Revolution  and  its 
causes  for  the  first  volume  of  the  Cambridge  History  of  the  Brit- 
ish Empire.  These  unfortunately  were  not  completed  when  his 
last  illness  overtook  him  in  the  summer  of  1927,  but  it  is  under- 
stood that  one  of  them,  entitled  "Colonial  Opposition,  1763- 
1770,"  will  appear  in  the  volume. 

In  estimating  the  work  of  Clarence  W.  Alvord  as  an  historian 
it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  it  was  all  done  in  the  compara- 
tively brief  period  of  twenty-two  years  and  the  bulk  of  it  in  the 
fifteen  years  from  1905  to  1920.  In  this  period,  despite  a  pro- 
longed illness  during  1916  and  1917,  he  gave  ample  proof  of  ex- 
ceptional competence  in  most  of  the  varieties  of  historical  en- 
deavor. His  ability  to  plan  and  organize  work  on  a  comprehen- 
sive scale  is  shown  in  the  Illinois  Historical  Collections  and  the 
Centennial  History,  both  in  effect  cooperative  enterprises ;  his 
ability  to  assemble  and  edit  documentary  material  is  demon- 
strated in  the  volumes  of  the  Collections  for  which  he  was  per- 
sonally responsible ;  his  Mississippi  Valley  in  British  Politics  is 
evidence  that  he  could  produce  valuable  monographic  studies; 
and  his  Illinois  Coimtry  demonstrated  his  powers  of  historical 
synthesis.  His  principal  characteristics  as  an  historian  were 
imagination,  thoroughness,  the  critical  attitude,  objectivity,  and 
literary  skill.  His  powers  of  imagination  enabled  him  to  formu- 
late broad  hypotheses,  but  he  was  always  ready  to  modify  them 
as  his  work  progressed  and  he  was  never  satisfied  until  he  had 
seen  the  last  bit  of  available  evidence  and  had  tested  it  all  in  the 
crucible  of  his  keen  mind.  When  the  evidence  was  insufficient  for 
positive  statements  he  was  content  to  point  out  the  possible  in- 
terpretations ;  and  no  prejudices  or  predilections  of  race,  nation- 
ality, section,  party,  or  religion  modified  his  conclusions.  He 
firmly  believed  that  the  results  of  historical  scholarship  could 


12  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTOBICAL  REVIEW 

and  should  be  presented  in  good  literary  form,  but  he  had  no 
patience  with  mere  popularization  without  real  scholarship  back 
of  it.  He  was  essentially  a  scholar,  pursuing  truth  in  history  for 
the  sake  of  knowing  it  and  making  it  known  to  others,  but  with 
little  interest  in  the  practical  utility  of  such  knowledge. 

Some  indication  of  Alvord's  reputation  among  English  his- 
torians has  already  been  given,  and  this  may  be  supplemented 
by  a  few  comments  written  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Thus  Pro- 
fessor A.  P.  Newton  expressed  on  behalf  of  the  editors  of  the 
Cambridge  History  of  the  British  Empire,  their  ''regret  that  the 
untimely  death  of  Professor  Alvord  should  have  deprived  the 
world  of  scholarship  of  such  a  striking  and  outstanding  figure. 
The  loss  to  our  own  cooperative  work  is  particularly  severe  for 
all  that  Prof.  Alvord  wrote  was  marked  with  an  historic  insight 
and  a  pungency  of  style  that  are  quite  unusual.  .  .  .  [His]  life  and 
work  will  long  remain  in  the  memories  of  English  histor- 
ians." Sir  Israel  Gollancz,  secretary  of  the  British  Academy,  de- 
clared that  Alvord's  "devotion  to  research  and  his  whole-heart- 
ed endeavor  to  investigate  the  documentary  evidence  in  respect 
of  problems  were  object  lessons  in  true  scholarship,"  and  re- 
ferred to  "the  profound  esteem"  in  which  he  "was  held  by  the 
world  of  historical  learning  and  scholarship. ' '  Lord  Charnwood 
wrote  that  he  "had  a  very  high  regard  for  Professor  Alvord's 
work,"  and  that  "his  services  to  important  historical  truth  will 
be  greatly  missed." 

Alvord's  reputation  among  the  members  of  his  profession  in 
America  was  handicapped  by  the  fact  that  much  of  his  work,  and 
especially  his  earlier  work,  appeared  to  be  in  the  field  of  state 
history.  To  many  of  the  older  generation  of  historians  state  his- 
tory, except,  of  course,  the  early  history  of  the  original  thirteen 
states,  was  provincialism.  That  attitude,  fortunately,  is  pass- 
ing away;  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  most  of  Alvord's  work  tran- 
scended state  lines  and  added  materially  to  our  knowledge  of 
national  history  —  if  any  distinction  between  the  two  is  valid. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  future  students  of  American  his- 
toriography will  rank  Clarence  W.  Alvord  as  one  of  the  out- 
standing American  historians  of  the  first  quarter  of  the  twen- 
tieth century. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WoBKS  OF  CLARENCE  W.  AlVOBD 

Compiled  by  Solon  J.  Buck  1 

Illinois  in  the  Eighteenth  Century :  a  Report  on  the  Documents 
in  Belleville,  Illinois,  Illustrating  the  Early  History  of  the 
State.  Springfield,  1905.  38  pp.  Illinois  State  Historical  Li- 
brary, Bulletin,  Vol.  1,  No.  1. 

Eighteenth  Century  French  Records  in  the  Archives  of  Illi- 
nois. In  American  Historical  Association,  Annual  Reports, 
1905,  Vol.  1,  pp.  353-66.  Washington,  1906.  Issued  also  as  a 
separate. 

The  Old  Kaskaskia  Records.  In  Chicago  Historical  Society,  Pro- 
ceedings, Vol.  3,  pp.  33-57  (February,  1906). 

Laws  of  the  Territory  of  Illinois,  1809-1811.  Being  a  Revised 
and  Enlarged  Edition  of  Publication  No.  2  of  the  Illinois  State 
Historical  Library.  Edited.  Springfield,  1906.  xiv  +  34  pp. 
Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  Bulletin,  Vol.  1,  No.  2. 

The  Finding  of  the  Kaskaskia  Records.  In  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Society,  Transactions,  1906,  pp.  27-31.  Springfield, 
1906. 

The  Future  of  Research  in  Illinois  History.  In  Educational  Bi- 
Monthly,  Vol.  1,  pp.  251-56  (February,  1907). 

Collections  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  Vols.  2-15. 
Edited.  Springfield,  1907-20. 

Cahokia  Records,  1778-1790.  Edited  with  introduction  and  notes. 
Springfield,  1907.  clvi  +  663  pp.  Illinois  Historical  Collections, 
Vol.  2:  Virginia  Series,  Vol.  1.  Introduction  reprinted  as  a 
separate  with  the  title,  The  County  of  Illinois.  Springfield, 
1907.  152  pp. 

The  Genesis  of  the  Proclamation  of  1763.  In  Michigan  Pioneer 
and  Historical  Collections,  Vol.  36,  pp.  20-52.  Lansing,  Michi- 

i  The  items  in  this  bibliography  are  arranged  chronologically,  and  an  attempt  has 
been  made  to  include  all  published  works  except  book  reviews.  Miss  Mary  E.  Wheel- 
house  and  Miss  Alice  Smith  assisted  in  compiling  the  list. 

13 


14  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTOBICAL  REVIEW 

gan,  190S.  Issued  also  as  a  separate.  Urbana,  Illinois,  1908. 
39  pp. 

The  Oath  of  Vincennes.  In  Illinois  State  Historical  Society, 
Transactions,  1907,  pp.  270-76.  Springfield,  1908.  Reprinted  in 
the  American  Catholic  Historical  Researches  (new  series), 
Vol.  7,  pp.  394-400  (October,  1911). 

The  Conquest  of  St.  Joseph,  Michigan,  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1781.  In  the  Missouri  Historical  Review,  Vol.  2,  pp.  195-210 
(April,  1908). 

Invitation  serieuse  aux  Habitants  des  Illinois,  by  un  Habitant  des 
Kaskaskias.  Reprinted  in  facsimile  from  the  original  of  1772, 
with  an  introduction.  [With  Clarence  E.  Carter.]  Providence, 
1908.  53  pp.  Club  for  Colonial  Reprints,  Publications,  Vol.  4. 

The  British  Ministry  and  the  Treaty  of  Fort  Stanwix.  In  State 
Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin,  Proceedings,  1908,  pp.  165- 
83.  Madison,  1909. 

The  Study  and  Writing  of  History  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
In  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association,  Proceedings, 
Vol.  1,  pp.  98-110  (1907-08).  Cedar  Rapids,  1909. 

Illinois  ;  the  Origins ;  an  Address  before  the  Trustees,  Faculty 
and  Students  of  the  Western  Illinois  State  Normal  School. 
Pontiac,  Illinois,  1909.  21  pp.  Military  Tract  Papers,  No.  3. 

Father  Pierre  Gibault  and  the  Submission  of  Post  Vincennes, 
1778.  Edited.  In  the  American  Historical  Review,  Vol.  14,  pp. 
544-57  (April,  1909). 

The  Study  of  Western  History  in  Our  Schools.  In  the  History 
Teachers'  Magazine,  Vol.  1,  pp.  28-29  (October,  1909). 

The  Governors'  Letter-Books,  1818-1834.  Edited  with  introduc- 
tion and  notes.  [With  Evarts  B.  Greene.]  Springfield,  1909. 
xxiii  +  317  pp.  Illinois  Historical  Collections,  Vol.  4 :  Execu- 
tive Series,  Vol.  1. 

Kaskaskia  Records,  1778-1790.  Edited  with  introduction  and 
notes.  Springfield,  1909.  Hi  +  681  pp.  Illmois  Historical  Col- 
lections, Vol.  5 :  Virginia  Series,  Vol.  2. 

Edward  Cole,  Indian  Commissioner  in  the  Illinois  Country.  In 
Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  Journal,  Vol.  3,  No.  3,  pp.  23- 
44  (October,  1910). 

Archives  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  [With  Theodore  C.  Pease.]  In 


WORKS  OF  CLARENCE  W.  ALVORD  15 

American  Historical  Association,  Annual  Reports,  1909,  pp. 
379-463.  Washington,  1911.  Issued  also  as  a  separate. 

Preservation  and  Care  of  Collections  with  Especial  Reference 
to  the  Restoration  and  Treatment  of  Manuscripts.  In  Amer- 
ican Historical  Association,  Annual  Reports,  1910,  pp.  248-50. 
Washington,  1912.  A  stenographic  report. 

The  First  Explorations  of  the  Trans-Allegheny  Region  by  the 
Virginians,  1650-1674.  [With  Lee  Bidgood.]  Cleveland,  The 
Arthur  H.  Clark  Company,  1912.  275  pp. 

The  New  History.  In  the  Nation,  Vol.  94,  pp.  457-59  (May  9, 
1912). 

[Jonathan  Carver.]  In  the  Nation,  Vol.  97,  pp.  184-85  (August 
28,  1913).  ''News  for  Bibliophiles."  Reprinted  as  "Jona- 
than Carver  Vindicated"  in  the  Magazine  of  History,  Vol.  16, 
pp.  196-99  (May  [sic],  1913). 

The  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review.  Edited.  Vol.  1,  No.  1 — 
Vol.  10,  No.  2  (June,  1914— September,  1923). 

A  Critical  Analysis  of  the  Work  of  Reuben  Gold  Thwaites.  In 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association,  Proceedings,  Vol. 
7,  pp.  321-33  (1913-14).  Cedar  Rapids,  1914. 

A  Pamphlet  Erroneously  Attributed  to  Benjamin  Franklin.  In 
the  Nation,  Vol.  99,  pp.  220-21  (August  20,  1914). 

The  Science  of  History.  In  the  Popular  Science  Monthly,  Vol. 
84,  pp.  490-99  (May,  1914).  Issued  also  as  a  separate. 

Reports  of  the  Editor  of  the  Collections.  In  Illinois  State  His- 
torical Library,  Biennial  Reports  of  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
1912-14,  pp.  18-21;  1914-16,  pp.  24-27;  1916-18,  pp.  27-28. 
Springfield,  1915-19. 

The  Relation  of  the  State  to  Historical  Work.  In  the  Minnesota 
History  Bulletin,  Vol.  1,  pp.  3-25.  (February,  1915). 

Planning  the  Publication  Work  of  Historical  Agencies.  In  Am- 
erican Historical  Association,  Annual  Reports,  1913,  Vol.  1,  pp. 
217-23.  Washington,  1915. 

The  Illinois- Wabash  Land  Company  Manuscript.  Edited  with 
an  introduction.  Chicago,  1915.  22  -f-  40  pp.  Privately  printed 
by  Cyrus  H.  McCormick. 

The  Critical  Period,  1763-1765.  Edited  with  introduction  and 
notes.  [With  Clarence  E.  Carter.]  Springfield,  1915.  lvii  +  597 


16  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTOKICAL  KEVIEW 

pp.  Illinois  Historical  Collections,  Vol.  10:  British  Series,  Vol. 
1. 

The  New  Regime,  1765-1767.  Edited  with  introduction  and  notes. 
[With  Clarence  E.  Carter.]  Springfield,  1916.  xxviii  +  700 
pp.  Illinois  Historical  Collections,  Vol.  11 :  British  Series,  Vol. 
2. 

Virginia  and  the  West:  an  Interpretation.  In  the  Mississippi 
Valley  Historical  Review,  Vol.  3,  pp.  19-38  (June,  1916). 

The  Mississippi  Valley  in  British  Politics:  a  Study  of  Trade, 
Land  Speculation,  and  Experiments  in  Imperialism,  Culminat- 
ing in  the  American  Eevolution.  Cleveland,  The  Arthur  H. 
Clark  Company,  1917.  2  vols.  358,  396  pp. 

Illinois  Centennial  Publications.  Edited.  Springfield,  Illinois, 
1917-20.  6  vols.  Includes  The  Centennial  History. 

Sources  of  Catholic  History  in  Illinois.  In  the  Illinois  Catholic 
Historical  Review,  Vol.  1,  pp.  73-78  (July,  1918). 

The  Centennial  History  of  Illinois.  In  Illinois  State  Historical 
Society,  Transactions,  1918,  pp.  74-82.  Springfield,  1919. 

Memorandum  on  State  Historical  Work  Relating  to  the  Great 
War.  In  Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  Biennial  Reports  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees,  1916-18,  pp.  29-30.  Springfield,  1919. 

The  Illinois  Country,  1673-1818.  Springfield,  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tennial Commission,  1920.  524  pp.  The  Centennial  History  of 
Illinois,  Vol.  1. 

Governor  Edward  Coles.  Edited  with  introduction  and  notes. 
Springfield,  1920.  viii  +  435  pp.  Illinois  Historical  Collections, 
Vol.  15 :  Biographical  Series,  Vol.  1. 

An  Unrecognized  Father  Marquette  Letter.  In  the  American 
Historical  Review,  Vol.  25,  pp.  676-80  (July,  1920).  Issued  also 
as  a  separate. 

Trade  and  Politics,  1767-1769.  Edited  with  introduction  and 
notes.  [With  Clarence  E.  Carter.]  Springfield,  1921.  Illinois 
Historical  Collections,  Vol.  16 :  British  Series,  Vol.  3. 

Mississippi  Valley  Problems  and  the  American  Revolution.  In 
the  Minnesota  History  Bulletin,  Vol.  4,  pp.  229-41  (February- 
May,  1922). 

When  Minnesota  Was  a  Pawn  of  International  Politics.  In  the 
Minnesota  History  Bulletin,  Vol.  4,  pp.  309-30  (August-No- 
vember, 1922). 


WOBKS  OF  CLARENCE  W.  ALVORD  17 

Francis  Parkman.  In  the  Nation,  Vol.  117,  pp.  394-96  (October 
10,  1923). 

The  Shelburne  Manuscripts  in  America.  In  the  Institute  of  His- 
torical Kesearch,  Bulletin,  Vol.  1,  pp.  77-80  (February,  1924). 

La  Follette  and  the  Wisconsin  Idea.  In  the  Contemporary  Re- 
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Co-operation  with  Regard  to  Historical  Periodicals  Published 
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Alas  !  George  III  Was  a  Tyrant.  In  the  Landmark,  Vol.  7,  pp. 
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The  Enigmatic  Aaron  Burr.  In  the  Landmark,  Vol.  7,  pp.  763- 
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18  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  HISTORICAL  REVIEW 

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The  Rising  Tide  of  Protest.  In  the  Landmark,  Vol.  8,  pp.  437-40 
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9.  pp.  611-15  (October,  1927). 


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